Jakub Polonský created this solution to make breadboard prototyping safer for components:

adjustable and programmable electronic fuse especially designed for breadboards – a breadboard fuse, or BFuse

The trip current can be set from 50 mA to 1 A but it can measure current up to 6 A [..] It has reverse polarity protection (by P-FET), transient voltage suppressors both on its input and output and two LEDs for indication

Set current and actual current can be compared using ATTiny’s built-in comparator or sampled by the ATTiny’s ADC. Then, the microprocessor controls a P-FET switch that opens or closes the power supply