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• testing LED brightness

  Jasper Sikken • 04/05/2021 at 18:40 • 0 comments

  Recently I realized that green LEDs are much brighter compared to red LEDs. For example for SML-LX0404SIUPGUSB RGB LED the luminous intensity is 30, 40, 20 mcd at 2mA for red, green, blue respectively.  

  Then I grabbed a red LED, which I thought was pretty bright (250mcd@20mA), because I selected it for my previous blinky circuit, and soldered it in series with a green LED that I recently selected (1400mcd@20mA), and guess what? The green LED was so much brighter. 

  And look at this, at 40uA, it is still pretty bright. Even though the forward voltage is a bit higher, about 2.2V vs. 1.7V for red, it is still much more efficient and the reason is that the human eye is most sensitive to green.  

  Then I ordered a bunch very bright green LEDs from Wurth

  I set the current only 10uA.

  Compared to a smartphone these LEDs at 10uA are very visible. I really need to design a solar powered blinky with green LEDs.

• A cheaper solar harvesting blinky - FAIL

  Jasper Sikken • 06/07/2020 at 12:17 • 0 comments

  Since solar panel open circuit voltage remains relatively constant under different light levels this time I designed a solar harvesting blinky circuit WITHOUT an expensive solar harvesting IC. 

  I thought the open circuit voltage of a 3V solar panel under low light would still be high enough for a blinky circuit that needs minimal 1.8V so I designed following circuit. Solar energy goes through the diode into the 2.7V supercapacitor. The TPL5110 blinks the led for 15ms at 2s interval. The MCP102 is a voltage supervisor that disables the TPL5110 below 1.9V.
  

  I learned that the LEDs are super bright when supercapacitor voltage is more than the required 1.8V LED forward voltage.  

  After a full charge in sunlight the LED stopped blinking early in the night while my previous design with the AEM10941 harvesting IC continued blinking all through the night. To extend battery lifetime I have increased LED resistance from 33 ohm to 330 ohm. 

  Then I left the solar blinkies in a relatively dark cabinet in my living room for a couple days to understand how they compare. I noticed the old blinkes, with the AEM10941 solar harvesting, restarted blinking in the morning while the new design was not. When I measured the solar panel voltage I found only 1.15V which means it would never charge the mimimal required 1.8V. Then I tested a bare solar panel (wihtout blinky circuit) I also noticed voltage was less than 1.5V. So apparently this solar panel does not have high enough open circuit voltage in low light conditions, while the older blinkies, with the AEM1094 solar harvesting IC were actually harvesting energy. So my idea that the open circuit voltage of a solar panel is high enough under low light conditions failed.

• Remove bubbles from your epoxy resin for just $13

  Jasper Sikken • 11/08/2019 at 21:12 • 0 comments

  I am really proud of this cheap and simple hack to remove bubbles from epoxy resin. 

  I bought this $10 mini battery power USB food vacuum.

  I bought this $2.2 glass food preservation jar from a local budget store Action.

  And I drilled a hole in the middle of the lid using blue tape (painters tape) and a 2mm metal drill, AND safety gloves and safety glasses.

  Then I  whipped 100 grams epoxy resin to make sure it has lots of bubbles and divided it into two paper cups. One cup I vacuumed for 10 minutes and the other not. After pouring into silicone piramide shape mold it looked like the vacuumed resin had more bubbles and the experiment failed. But 24 hours later, when I removed the epoxy from the mold it was clearly visible that vacuuming actually worked really well. 

  I think internally it has this vacuum pump that can make -350 mmhg vacuum.

• Selling on Tindie & Pouring epoxy into silicone molds

  Jasper Sikken • 09/01/2019 at 19:04 • 0 comments

  This Saturday I have started selling my boards on Tindie. https://www.tindie.com/products/jaspersikken/aemblink/

  I have poured the PCBA with this epoxy into a silicone piramid and heart shape. The pouring is a delicate process. You need to work very clean, have everything prepared before actually starting. I have cleaned the silicone mold with water and soap and used a can of compressed air to blow out the water, then I have put the mold in the oven at 100 degrees celsius to dry further. On the table I have put couple sheets of protective baking paper. And put everything  on it, the bottles of 2 parts epoxy, the bottle of UV stabilizer, a couple disposable cups, a couple wooden stirring sticks, a roll of kitchen towel, a kitchen weighing scale. And then I started mixing the 2 parts epoxy, 50g of part A, 30 grams of part B, 1 gram of UV stabiliser. To avoid bubbles stir slowly and in 1 direction, after 2 minutes pour the stirred mixture slowly in another cup, and mix again, this makes sure that the two parts are well mixed. Then to reduce amount of bubbles I slowly poured the mold 3 quarters full with epoxy and put the electronics slowly in. Then I filled the mold full. Using the stirring stick I tried to remove the bubbles. The curing is slow, you have about 15 minutes to finish, after a few hours it feels hard and after 24 hours curing is done.  

  It was quite easy to remove the epoxy from the silicone molds. 

• AEMLOVE R9 is AEMBLINK R1

  Jasper Sikken • 08/20/2019 at 11:19 • 0 comments

  Changes in AEMLOVE R9

  • renamed to AEMLBLINK R1 because that better fits its function
  • added 0.1" pitch test pads so the board can be tested after assembly and before super capacitor and solar panel are soldered. Also added one for 1.8V. A user may connect a BLE module or something there.
  • removed copper from the left side of the board because BLE module may need copper clearance
  • set solder mask oversize to 0.05mm, previously it was 0.00mm
  • added clear LED polarity indicators on silkscreen

  Below is the schematic design

  I had 10 boards assembled at Elecrow 
  

  They did a great job with the PCB and soldering

  I have created a simple pen shaped PCBA test tool. It is to test the PCBA after assembly and before the solar panel and supercapacitors are soldered. It's just a small perf board with four 0.1" pitch male headers, a 1.5V alkaline battery to simulate a solar panel and a 220uF capacitor to simulate the supercapacitor. When the LEDs on the AEMBLINK board start to blink I know that the AEM10941 and the TPL5110 circuits work correctly. It also has a LED on the 1.8V output from the board. I 

  The super capacitor is full in 5 minutes in full sun.

  Blinking duration is at least 8 hours on a full super capacitor.

  I have tested blink duration with with 20, 27, 33 and 43 ohm LED series resistance. All 10 assembled boards blinked for at least 8 hours with a 33R series resistance. 

  So far what I've learned

  • yeah I like the PCB design
  • I need to change LED series resistor to 33R on all boards
  • next step is selling on Tindie. Some boards I will coat and sell as earrings or necklace, some I will pot with epoxy in a heart shape and sell as necklace, and some I will pot into a silicone piramid shape and sell as desktop gadget

• AEMLOVE R8

  Jasper Sikken • 08/20/2019 at 10:49 • 0 comments

  I only made a small change because I received a discount code from Eurocircuits and I thought let's try that out. I only moved the TPL5110 circuit to the side to make space for any circuit that an user may want to add. I did not even assemble the PCB. 

  What I've learned
  

  • Eurocircuits is fast, they deliver in 3 business days
  • PCB thickness any other than 1.6mm don't fit in the pooling batch and are very expensive and so the board is 1.6mm in stead of the desired 0.6mm.
  • 1.6mm is too thick for my application. It add unneeded weight. I need 0.6mm PCBs and they are cheap with the Chinese PCB manufacturers

• AEMLOVE Revision 7

  Jasper Sikken • 08/06/2019 at 09:34 • 0 comments

  In the previous versions I didn't like the LED blink interval (5s) and the ON duration (80ms) was fixed. I have read somewhere (sorry for no link) that the human eye/brain perceives a 10ms long pulse as full brightness and that flashes with an interval between 0.5s-5s strongly pulls attention. And so I can reduce average consumption while drawing more attention. I found that the TPL5110 "Ultra Low Power Timer with MOSFET driver" that is also for sale on Adafruit and Sparkfun was a great choice to make a bright and low power flash that draws a lot of attention. This is a timer IC ideal for low power applications. Normally it is used to power gate applications and power it ON at a programmable interval. In shutdown it consumes only 35nA. I can choose the blink interval between 100ms and 7200s by choosing a resistor value. This IC is intended to be connected to a microcontroller that sends a DONE signal to the chip when it is done performing its task, for example sending a sensor value wireless, and then it is completely powered off until the timer expires. In my application I don't have a MCU but a simple LED that is powered on. I wanted to feed back the power signal through a RC low pass filter to the DONE pin

  Design changes in revision 7

  • Instead of using the status2 pin from the AEM10941 to blink the LED I have used the TPL5110 
  • I made the PCB rectangular (30x30mm) and put the solar cell in the middle of the board
  • disabled the AEM10941 LV output (1.2V) because it saves some power and one 10uF capacitor
  • make place for an adhesive pin so it can be used as a badge
  • put 2 LEDs on opposite side of the board
  • changed back to 1 mosfet for 2 LEDs
  • remove copper pour around the LEDs so that reflected light can transmit through the PCB

  See the schematic below. 

  On bottom right you see the TPL5110 circuit. The LED is power gated through a P-channel mosfet. The LED current flows through a 20R resistor and two LEDs in parallel. The power gated signal is fed back through a RC low pass filter to the DONE pin. The DONE pin is considered high when the voltage exceeds 0.7*VDD. With a 1M/22nF the RC time (63%) is about 22ms and close to the desired 10ms.  A 6.8kohm resistor sets the interval to ~2seconds. I have added a 100k pull down to the feedback signal to make sure the RC filter capacitor is discharged before it is re-enabled after 2s.

  The PCB wihtout any components assembled and a solar panel for reference

  I have used the     to measure actual LED pulse duration and current from the supercapacitor. 
  

  You can see a video of the device actually blinking here. https://twitter.com/jrsikken/status/1137466544555008000

  And it shows actual LED was ON for ~14ms. I have experimented a it with the RC values and found shorter pulses were actually perceived as less bright and taking into account tolerances on the capacitor value so I sticked with 14ms. 

  The average current with the 47 ohms LED series resistor was 6.8uA acording to the Qoitech Otii Arc. I calculated that with a full 1F supercapacitor and 0.5V voltage drop the LED would blink for 20 hours which is far more than the desired 8 hours. 

  I have changed the series resistor to 20 ohms which gave 1.6mA peak current and 9.6uA average current. Then the LED flashes were nice and bright and the blinking would last 14 hours which is great.

  Then I built 4 devices to test actual charge time in full sun and blink duration in the dark.

  I found at 800W/m2 it takes only 5 minutes to fully charge the super capacitor and they kept blinking in the dark for ~10 hours! This is less than the expected 14 hours. So I need to check what is going on.

  What I've learned and can improve:

  • I really like the circuit with the TPL5110 because flashes...

  Read more »

• AEMLOVE R6

  Jasper Sikken • 06/04/2019 at 14:16 • 0 comments

  The design changes are:

  • back to the old red LED
  • use only the 1.8V output from the AEM10941
  • back to the old blinking circuit that uses the STATUS2 pin from the AEM10941, with 80ms blinks at 5 seconds interval
  • move the LED to the other side of the PCB, where the solar panel is
  • get rid of the USB connector
  • use a very thin PCB, so it is not heavy and it is wearable
  • experiment with 2 LEDs in parallel, it could improve perception of brightness
  • reduce PCB hole for the 1F 2.7V Nichicon supercapacitor

  This is the schematic

  And the assembled PCB looks like this. 
  

  And when it is worn as a necklace is looks like this

  I also casted the PCB in two component epoxy resin

  And it turned out like this

  I made my mother wear it as a ear ring

  I also casted it into a silicone mold 

  And then it blinks like this

  
  

  What I've learned from Revision 6

  • I love the LED on other side of the PCB, where the solar panel is
  • I love the thin PCB, it makes it light, my mother can wear it as a earring
  • It can be worn as a necklace
  • it can be a desktop gadget
  • two LEDs in parallel doesn't make it so much brighter but it is better visible

• AEMLOVE revision 5

  Jasper Sikken • 06/04/2019 at 09:48 • 0 comments

  In previous AEMLOVE designs I used the STATUS2 output from the AEM10941 to flash a LED which is high for ~80ms every 5 seconds. I think 80ms is actually pretty long and it can be shorter while keeping brightness perception. I learned about 1.5V powered LED flash circuits that have very low average current (~10uA) and wanted to make a similar circuit. 
  

  Normally the 1.5V is not enough to light the LED because red led forward voltage is at least 1.7V. So how does it work? First the capacitor is charged to 1.5V through the two resistors. On the left it is 1.5V and on the right 0V.  When the mosfet is closed the left side suddenly changes from 1.5V to 0V the right side remains 1.5V lower than than left, and so it is -1.5V Then shortly there is 3V over the LED and it flashes until the capacitor has discharged. 
  

  And since the LED can be powered from a very low voltage that is basically doubled it was possible to try out LEDs with higher forward voltage, like a white LED. Since the AEM10941 has two regulated output voltages 1.8V and 1.2V I could design the circuit twice and experiment with it.

  I read here that the eye perceives 10ms flashes at full brightness and after that it decays to 50% in 20ms. This means for a 10ms flash you actually perceive 30ms. This could really reduce average current
  

  In revision 5 I made following design changes

  • Implement new low power LED flash circuit
  • try out white LED
  • Move USB connector to lower side of the PCB
  • Use a smaller dimensioned 1F 2.7V supercapacitor Nichicon JUWT1105MCD this has only 6.3mm diameter while previously diameter was 8mm.
  • Reduce the hole for the supercapacitor even more
  • Use surface mount solder pads for the supercapacitor
  • Reduce board size even more

  Below is the circuit diagram

  What I've learned from Revision 5

  • the LED flash is actually not so bright
  • the supercapacitor discharged in a few hours while I expected much more
  • the hole in the PCB was designed so it could also fit another supercapacitor a 0.5F cheap chinese supercapactors. But I really like this Nichicon super capacitor so the hole can be reduced. 
  • I also like the SMD solder pads for the supercapacitor
  • the USB connector on bottom is definately better than on top
  • I didn't like the USB connector anymore, the PCB has to be 2.0mm thick and then it needs the right solder thickness for the USB connector. And still it didn't feel snug. I thought such a connector could actually destroys people laptops. 

  I was disappointed by the LED brightness and life time. So I made a simulation in LTSpice. Not perfect but it gives me an idea.

  And I found that peak current is actually really high and the duration very low, something like 5ms. 

  That basically explains why it was not perceived as very bright. In addition it was not low power. So I decided this is not the circuit for me.  

• AEMLOVE R4

  Jasper Sikken • 06/04/2019 at 09:13 • 0 comments

  I skipped revision 3 because I ordered the board and very shortly after that I ordered revision 4.
  In revision 4 I made following changes 

  • reduce PCB dimensions further
  • smaller holes for the necklace clips
  • put solar panel on opposite side of the SMD components
  • put all SMD components one one side of the board for easier assembly
  • smaller PCB hole for the supercapacitor
  • select a new LED that can be reverse mounted on the PCB 

  I selected the KPTL-3216SURCK-01 LED from Kingbright. According to the datasheet it has 550 mcd at 20mA, so more than the Wurth 150060RS75000 which has 250 mcd. 

  What I've learned from this redesign

  • LED viewing angle is actually very important for visibility. I found the new Kingbright KPTL-3216SURCK-01 LED brightness disappointing. It has 70 degrees viewing angle while the Wurth 150060RS75000 has 140 degrees. That is perceived much brighter from different angles. 
  • The reverse LED hole in the PCB actually limit the viewing angle and the visibility
  • the necklace actually interferes with the USB connector
  • the smaller PCB hole for the supercapacitor is good for the epoxy resin, it is now well glued to the board
  • I dont like so much the through holes for the supercapacitor because the leads penetrated to other side of the PCB and touch the solar panel

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