Hello all!

Just a brief update here. Success!

As I suspected, my breadboard that came as part of my original ELEGOO package was faulty. I went ahead and purchased quite a few new things, the most important being a brand new Bread Board. It cost $13 on Amazon but the price was absolutely worth it because all of my LEDs are functioning as expected! 

It is slightly shorter than my original board, but replicating my original circuits was simple enough. Now that I have a reliable bread board, I can finally focus my efforts on less trivial things such as developing logic for my game and troubleshooting actual circuit issues.

My next step is to add the third LED and begin working on developing a better PRNG for my game.

Figure A: My exact same circuit working as expected thanks to my new bread board.