Build Instructions

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• 1

  SWITCH PCB ASSEMBLY

  • The switch PCB assembly process starts by placing all the 4x4 through-hole push buttons in their place, then flipping the board over, and then using a soldering iron to secure all components by soldering their pads.
  • Next, we added five connecting wires with the CON5 terminal on the backside of the Switch PCB.
• 2

  WIRING PROCESS

  • We began the wiring process by adding a CON4 header to the back of the M5Stack AtomS3’s pin header. This connector serves as the interface between the switch PCB and the Atom module.
  • Each of the four push button outputs—A, B, C, and D—was carefully soldered to G5, G6, G7, and G8 on the Atom, respectively. The ground pin from the switch PCB was then connected to the GND pin of the Atom to complete the input circuit.
  • Next, we wired the speaker, connecting its positive lead to G2 and its negative lead to GND, enabling PWM-based audio output.
  • Finally, we connected the lithium cell, which powers the entire device. The positive terminal of the battery was soldered to the 5V pin on the Atom, while the negative terminal was connected to GND, completing the power circuit and making the device fully portable.
• 3

  CODE

  Here's the code we used in this project

  #include <Arduino.h>
  #include <M5CoreS3.h>
  #include <driver/ledc.h>
  #include <math.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  // -----------------------------
  // Pin Assignments
  // -----------------------------
  #define BUTTON_A 8   // Kick
  #define BUTTON_B 7   // Snare
  #define BUTTON_C 6   // Hi-Hat
  #define BUTTON_D 5   // Clap
  #define SPEAKER_PIN 2  // GPIO 2 for audio
  // -----------------------------
  // LEDC (PWM audio) Config
  // -----------------------------
  #define SPEAKER_CHANNEL   LEDC_CHANNEL_0
  #define SPEAKER_TIMER     LEDC_TIMER_0
  #define SPEAKER_RES       LEDC_TIMER_8_BIT
  #define BASE_DUTY 128
  // -----------------------------
  // Waveform Variables
  // -----------------------------
  float phase = 0;             // horizontal scroll offset
  float waveAmplitude = 5;     // current amplitude
  float waveFrequency = 2.0;   // base visual frequency
  float targetAmplitude = 5;   // amplitude target
  float amplitudeDecay = 0.95; // decay factor per frame
  // -----------------------------
  // Speaker Setup
  // -----------------------------
  void setupSpeaker() {
  ledc_timer_config_t ledc_timer = {
  .speed_mode       = LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE,
  .duty_resolution  = SPEAKER_RES,
  .timer_num        = SPEAKER_TIMER,
  .freq_hz          = 2000,
  .clk_cfg          = LEDC_AUTO_CLK
  };
  ledc_timer_config(&ledc_timer);
  ledc_channel_config_t ledc_channel = {
  .gpio_num       = SPEAKER_PIN,
  .speed_mode     = LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE,
  .channel        = SPEAKER_CHANNEL,
  .intr_type      = LEDC_INTR_DISABLE,
  .timer_sel      = SPEAKER_TIMER,
  .duty           = 0,
  .hpoint         = 0
  };
  ledc_channel_config(&ledc_channel);
  }
  // -----------------------------
  // Drum Sounds
  // -----------------------------
  void playKick() {
  for (int f = 150; f > 50; f -= 5) {
  ledc_set_freq(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_TIMER, f);
  ledc_set_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL, BASE_DUTY);
  ledc_update_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL);
  delay(5);
  }
  ledc_set_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL, 0);
  ledc_update_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL);
  }
  void playNoise(int duration_ms) {
  unsigned long start = millis();
  while (millis() - start < duration_ms) {
  int val = random(0, 256);
  ledc_set_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL, val);
  ledc_update_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL);
  delayMicroseconds(50);
  }
  ledc_set_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL, 0);
  ledc_update_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL);
  }
  void playSnare() { playNoise(120); }
  void playHiHat() { playNoise(50); }
  void playClap() {
  playNoise(80);
  ledc_set_freq(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_TIMER, 600);
  ledc_set_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL, BASE_DUTY);
  ledc_update_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL);
  delay(50);
  ledc_set_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL, 0);
  ledc_update_duty(LEDC_LOW_SPEED_MODE, SPEAKER_CHANNEL);
  }
  // -----------------------------
  // Waveform Visualizer
  // -----------------------------
  void drawScrollingWave() {
  CoreS3.Display.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);
  int width = CoreS3.Display.width();
  int height = CoreS3.Display.height();
  int midY = height / 2;
  for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
  int y = midY + waveAmplitude * sin((x * waveFrequency * PI / width) + phase);
  CoreS3.Display.drawPixel(x, y, TFT_WHITE);
  }
  phase += 0.2; // scroll wave horizontally
  waveAmplitude = waveAmplitude * amplitudeDecay + targetAmplitude * (1.0 - amplitudeDecay);
  }
  // -----------------------------
  // Handle Button Presses
  // -----------------------------
  void handleButtonPresses() {
  if (!digitalRead(BUTTON_A)) { // Kick
  playKick();
  targetAmplitude += 15;
  waveFrequency = 3.0;
  }
  if (!digitalRead(BUTTON_B)) { // Snare
  playSnare();
  targetAmplitude += 10;
  waveFrequency = 5.0;
  }
  if (!digitalRead(BUTTON_C)) { // Hi-Hat
  playHiHat();
  targetAmplitude += 8;
  waveFrequency = 7.0;
  }
  if (!digitalRead(BUTTON_D)) { // Clap
  playClap();
  targetAmplitude += 12;
  waveFrequency = 4.0;
  }
  if (targetAmplitude > 30) targetAmplitude = 30; // cap amplitude
  }
  // -----------------------------
  // Setup
  // -----------------------------
  void setup() {
  auto cfg = M5.config();
  CoreS3.begin(cfg);
  setupSpeaker();
  pinMode(BUTTON_A, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(BUTTON_B, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(BUTTON_C, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(BUTTON_D, INPUT_PULLUP);
  CoreS3.Display.setTextSize(2);
  CoreS3.Display.setTextColor(TFT_WHITE, TFT_BLACK);
  CoreS3.Display.setTextDatum(middle_center);
  CoreS3.Display.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);
  CoreS3.Display.drawString("Drum Pad Ready", CoreS3.Display.width()/2, CoreS3.Display.height()/2);
  delay(1000);
  }
  // -----------------------------
  // Main Loop
  // -----------------------------
  void loop() {
  handleButtonPresses();
  drawScrollingWave();
  delay(30); // adjust speed of wave
  }

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