Vacuum tube amplifiers are often favored for their smooth harmonic distortion, especially in the lower-order harmonics, which many listeners describe as "warm" or "rich". Tube amplifiers are also known for their compression and dynamic response. For these reasons, there is no audiophile who would not like to own this type of amplifier. However, commercial tube amplifiers are very expensive. Another option is, if you have certain knowledge in this area, to make it yourself. Unfortunately, even in that case, we usually need more "EXOTIC" components to make this kind of amplifier, among which I will mention the mains transformer as well as the output audio transformers. 

  This time I will try to describe to you the simplest way how to make a tube amplifier yourself, where the basic condition, the eight good sound, will be the simplicity of the device, as well as the use of components that can be obtained in almost any well-stocked electronic store, or on the internet.
  This project is sponsored by PCBWay. From concept to production, PCBWay provide cutting-edge electronic design solutions for global innovators, Including hardware design, software development, mechanical design, product testing and certification. PCBWayengineering team consists of experienced engineers in electronics, embedded systems, and product development. They successfully delivered hundreds of projects across industries such as medical devices, industrial automation, consumer electronics, smart home, and IoT.

In addition, the cost of such an amplifier would be really low, and also during its construction you will learn a lot about electronic devices which use vacuum tubes. The amplifier that I present to you is a modified version of a FU32 tube amplifier kit, which was available a few years ago, but unfortunately is no longer for sale
  First, let me describe the components used individually. The most specific component of these amplifiers is the mains transformer together with the rectifier. This time I use this cheap DC-DC converter that uses 12V input voltage and the output voltage can be adjusted from 40 to 700V. 

   For the needs of this amplifier, the output voltage is set to 235V
   I will use the input voltage also for heating the Tubes. 
   For this purpose, the three series groups of tubes are connected in parallel to 12V as shown in the picture.

  In this way, the whole power supply part is solved very elegantly and simply. Instead of FU32 I use GU32 Tube which is 100% compatible.

 Input tubes are 6Ј1, one for each channel. For a better visual impression, I also installed a retro VU meter with EM84 tubes, and I described its making in one of my previous videos

  Now let's take a look at what's inside the box.  In this small box is the power supply module that provides voltage for all parts of the device. Here is how the connection of the components looks like. 

  In order to interconnect the components, I used segments of self-adhesive copper tape which really made it much easier for me to make. All connections are made with thin wire keeping in mind that very small currents flow through them. Only the heating lines and speakers connections are made with a thicker wire.
   It can be said that the most important part of these amplifiers is the output audio transformer. These transformers are made with a special way of winding, and the quality of the resulting sound, especially at low frequencies, largely depends on them. For simpler rough initial testing and modifications to the amp, I made the amplifier with ordinary mains transformers. 

  In order to interconnect the components, I used segments of self-adhesive copper tape which really made it much easier for me to make. All connections are made with thin wire keeping in mind that very small currents flow through them. Only the heating lines and speakers connections are made with a thicker...