Communication Satellite Systems
Basic concepts Orbit satellites Connections satellite Access to satellites Satellite Segment Ground segment Satellite SeriesapplicationsFixed Communications (FSS Fixed Satellite Service)Broadcasting (BSS Broadcasting Satellite Service)Mobile Communications (MSS Mobile Satellite Service)- Aeronautical - Maritime - Terrestrialamateur radioNavigation (location)Earth observation and atmosphere- Weather - Remote sensingUsebusinessprivateMilitaryexperimentalscientific• Situação actualSatélites lançados e operacionais (Dezembro 2000)– 2 490 satélites lançados com sucesso no período de 1980-2000– 570 satélites operacionais (mínimo estimado)Organizações responsáveis– lançamento de satélites de órbita alta URSS / CEI Molniya (1960), Proton (1967) EUA Atlas (1962), Titan (1965), Delta (1972), STS-Shuttle (1981) China Longa Marcha (1975) Europa Ariane (1979) Japão NASDA (1981)– operação de sistemas operadores específicos internacionais: Intelsat, Inmarsat, Eutelsat, Astra, Iridium operadores tradicionais de redes de telecomunicações– regulamentação organismos internacionais UIT-R (Sector de Radiocomunicações) organismos nacionais Portugal - Anacomtendências gerais:globalizaçãoprivatizaçao.Orbit satellites themTypes of orbitsGEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit): circular equatorial geosynchronous orbit- Revolution period: 23 h 56 m 4.091 s- Average altitude: 35,786 kmLEO (Low Earth Orbit): circular orbit of low altitude- Typical altitude: 500 - 1500 km- Revolution period 1h 30m - 2hMEO (Medium Earth Orbit): circular orbit of average altitude- Typical altitude: 10,400 km- Revolution period of six hoursHEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit): strongly elliptical orbit- Inclined elliptical orbit- Lowland perigeenotable case: Molniya orbitPerigee: 1,000 km alt. Apogee: 39,000 km alt.period
Jose Pedro R. A. Ribeiro
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