Nitrogen doped carbons make great cathode materials as they readily catalyze oxygen reduction reactions combining 2 hydrogen protons 2 electrons and an oxygen atom to form water.

However nickel nano-particles are needed to catalyze hydrogen oxidation reactions at the anode. These must be supported on nitrogen doped carbons for maximum effeciency so when reducing nitrogen doped carbons I will also be reducing nickel acetate. With l-acorbic acid as the reduction agent the nickel nano-particles can be deposited on the nitrogen doped carbons.

The low temperature PEM(proton exchange membrane) will be made using sulfanilic acid doped poly vinyl alcohol containing graphene oxide and amorphous diatomaceous earth.

Hydrogen will be evolved by bacterial reduction of urea into ammonia.

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